In recent decades, early childhood education (ECE) has assumed a prominent position on the international agenda. Numerous studies, including the seminal work of James Heckman and his colleagues (Heckman & Masterov, 2007; Cunha et al., 2010), have demonstrated that early intervention in the form of high-quality early childhood education exerts a long-term influence on cognitive […]

Understanding poverty merely as a fixed income threshold—whether it be $1.90 or $3.20 per day—grossly oversimplifies the economic reality confronting millions of households. Over the past decade, development economics literature has demonstrated that poverty is not simply a resource deficit, but a dynamic state shaped by the complex interplay of income, expenditures, systemic risks, and

Agriculture remains a cornerstone of the Kyrgyz economy, as well as the economies of most developing countries, driving employment, food security, and export potential. Despite a vast body of technical and agronomic research dedicated to this sector, a significant gap persists in both domestic and international scholarship: a profound lack of understanding of the farmer